METHODS::Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are susceptible to low levels of vitamin D, which may be responsible for mineral and bone metabolism disorders and play some role in the occurrence of cardiovascular, metabolic, immunologic, neoplastic, and infectious complications after kidney transplant. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines of the year 2017 recommended vitamin D supplementation in the first 12 months after transplant using the same treatment strategies for the general population. However, no recommendations are provided after the first 12 months due to a lack of sufficient data. This review analyses some studies that assessed the vitamin D status of KTRs and the effects of nutritional and active vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density, cardiovascular disease, proteinuria, and graft function in KTRs.

METHODS:PURPOSE:We compared early continence recovery after surgical treatment of prostate cancer with Retzius sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and conventional robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy was done by a single surgeon in 1,863 cases between October 2005 and May 2018 using the conventional and the Retzius sparing technique in 1,150 and 713, respectively. To compare continence outcomes between the groups propensity score matching was performed using 9 preoperative variables, including age, body mass index, prostate specific antigen, biopsy Gleason Grade Group, clinical T stage, prostate volume on transrectal ultrasound, and the I-PSS (International Prostate Symptom Score), I-PSS quality of life score and International Index of Erectile Function-5 scores. Continence was assessed by the pad count every month postoperatively until month 6 and was converted to a binary outcome. RESULTS:After propensity score matching 609 cases per group were matched with no significant difference in all 9 variables. The Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that Retzius sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy was associated with a significantly better continence recovery rate than conventional robot-assisted radical prostatectomy during the 6-month study period (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Based on propensity score matching with multiple variables and a large case series, Retzius sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy can be a candidate for future robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. It achieves better early continence recovery, a short operative time and early recovery compared to conventional robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

METHODS:PURPOSE:Sacral neuromodulation is a guideline recommended treatment of urinary dysfunction and fecal incontinence in patients in whom conservative treatments have failed. Historically sacral neuromodulation has been delivered using a nonrechargeable device with an average life span of 4.4 years. Surgery is required to replace the implanted neurostimulator due to battery depletion. Implantation of a long-lived implanted neurostimulator can eliminate the need for replacement surgeries, potentially reducing patient surgical risks and health care costs. The Axonics r-SNM System™ is a miniaturized, rechargeable sacral neuromodulation system designed to deliver therapy for at least 15 years. The ARTISAN-SNM (Axonics® Sacral Neuromodulation System for Urinary Urgency Incontinence Treatment) study is a pivotal study using rechargeable sacral neuromodulation therapy to treat urinary urgency incontinence. Six-month results are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 129 eligible patients with urinary urgency incontinence were treated. All participants were implanted with a tined lead and the rechargeable sacral neuromodulation system in a nonstaged procedure. Efficacy data were collected using a 3-day bladder diary, the validated ICIQ-OABqol (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder quality of life) questionnaire and a participant satisfaction questionnaire. Therapy responders were identified as participants with a 50% or greater reduction in urinary urgency incontinence episodes compared to baseline. We performed an as-treated analysis in all implanted participants. RESULTS:At 6 months 90% of participants were therapy responders. The mean ± SE number of urinary urgency incontinence episodes per day was reduced from 5.6 ± 0.3 at baseline to 1.3 ± 0.2. Participants experienced a clinically meaningful 34-point improvement on the ICIQ-OABqol questionnaire. There were no serious device related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS:The Axonics r-SNM System is safe and effective with 90% of participants experiencing clinically and statistically significant improvements in urinary urgency incontinence symptoms.