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Detectability of HIV Residual Viremia despite Therapy Is Highly Associated with Treatment with a Protease Inhibitor-Based Combination Antiretroviral Therapy.
尽管治疗,HIV 残余病毒血症的可检测性与以蛋白酶抑制剂为基础的联合抗逆转录病毒治疗的治疗高度相关。
- 影响因子:4.34
- DOI:10.1128/AAC.01902-19
- 作者列表:"Darcis G","Maes N","Pasternak AO","Sauvage AS","Frippiat F","Meuris C","Uurlings F","Lecomte M","Léonard P","Elmoussaoui M","Fombellida K","Vaira D","Moutschen M
- 发表时间:2020-02-21
Abstract
:HIV persistence despite therapy contributes to chronic immune activation and inflammation, increasing the risk of aging-associated events in HIV-infected individuals. We sought here to better understand the complex link between clinical and treatment features and HIV persistence despite therapy. A total of 11,045 samples from 1,160 individuals under combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) with an unquantifiable viral load (VL; limit of quantification, 20 copies/ml) were categorized as detectable or undetectable depending on the detection of a PCR signal using a commercially available assay. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression was used to model viral load detectability and to assess the determinants of residual viremia (RV; VL detected below 20 copies/ml) despite therapy. A high VL zenith was associated with a higher probability to have a detectable viremia under cART. Conversely, the probability to have a detectable viral load below 20 copies/ml decreased with time under therapy. Of therapy regimens, protease inhibitor (PI)-based cART was associated with a significantly higher probability of detectable RV compared to nonnucleoside transcriptase inhibitor- or integrase inhibitor-based cART. We found that a PI-based treatment regimen is highly associated with an increased frequency of RV, supporting previous evidence suggesting that PI-based cART regimens could favor ongoing viral replication in some individuals.
摘要
: HIV 持续存在,尽管治疗有助于慢性免疫激活和炎症,增加 HIV 感染者衰老相关事件的风险。我们在此寻求更好地理解临床和治疗特征与 HIV 治疗后持续性之间的复杂联系。来自 11,045 例接受联合抗逆转录病毒疗法 (cART) 且病毒载量无法定量 (VL; 定量限,20 拷贝/ml) 的个体的共 1,160 个样本根据使用市售检测方法检测 PCR 信号,分为可检测或不可检测。使用广义估计方程 (GEE) 回归对病毒载量可检测性进行建模,并评估尽管治疗但仍检测到低于 20 拷贝/ml 的残余病毒血症 (RV; VL) 的决定因素。高 VL 天顶与 cART 下可检测到病毒血症的概率较高相关。相反,可检测到的病毒载量低于 20 拷贝/ml 的概率随治疗时间而降低。在治疗方案中,基于蛋白酶抑制剂 (PI) 的 cART 与基于非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂或整合酶抑制剂的 cART 相比,可检测到 RV 的概率显著较高。我们发现基于 PI 的治疗方案与 RV 频率增加高度相关,支持以前的证据表明基于 PI 的 cART 方案可能有利于某些个体的持续病毒复制。
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METHODS:BACKGROUND:Ultrasound has been demonstrated to accurately diagnose rectal deep endometriosis (DE) and pouch of Douglas (POD) obliteration. The role of ultrasound in the assessment of patients who have undergone surgery for rectal DE and POD obliteration has not been evaluated. AIM:To describe the transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) findings of patients who have undergone rectal surgery for DE. MATERIALS AND METHODS:An observational cross-sectional study at a tertiary care centre in Sydney, Australia between January and April 2017. Patients previously treated for rectal DE (low anterior resection vs rectal shaving/disc excision) were recruited and asked to complete a questionnaire on their current symptoms. On TVS, POD state and rectal DE were assessed. Correlating recurrence of POD obliteration and/or rectal DE to surgery type and symptoms was done. RESULTS:Fifty-six patients were contacted; 22/56 (39.3%) attended for the study visit. Average interval of surgery to study visit was 52.8 ± 24.6 months. Surgery type breakdown was as follows: low anterior resection (56%) and rectal shaving/disc excision (44%). The prevalence of POD obliteration was 16/22 (72.7%) intraoperatively and 8/22 (36.4%) at study visit, as per the sliding sign. Nine patients (39.1%) had evidence on TVS of recurrent rectal DE. Recurrence of POD obliteration and rectal DE was not associated with surgery type or symptomatology. CONCLUSION:Despite surgery for rectal DE, many patients have a negative sliding sign on TVS, representing POD obliteration, and rectal DE. Our numbers are too small to correlate with the surgery type or their current symptoms.
METHODS::Minimally invasive surgery for complex endometriosis requires preoperative planning that intimately connects the gynecologic surgeon to the radiologist. Understanding the surgeon's perspective to endometriosis treatment facilitates a productive relationship that ultimately benefits the patient. We examine minimally invasive surgery for endometriosis and the key radiologic information which enable the surgeon to successfully negotiate patient counseling, preoperative planning, and an interdisciplinary approach to surgery.
METHODS:STUDY OBJECTIVE:Prior research collectively shows that endometriosis is inversely related to women's adiposity. The aim of this study was to assess whether this inverse relationship holds true by disease severity and typology. DESIGN:Cross sectional study among women with no prior diagnosis of endometriosis. SETTING:Fourteen clinical centers in Salt Lake City, Utah and San Francisco, California. PATIENTS:Four hundred and ninety five women, ages 18-44 years, were enrolled in the operative cohort of the Endometriosis, Natural History, Diagnosis, and Outcomes (ENDO) Study. INTERVENTIONS:Gynecologic laparoscopy/laparotomy, regardless of clinical indication. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:Participants underwent anthropometric assessments, body composition, and body fat distribution ratios before surgery. Surgeons completed a standardized operative report immediately after surgery to capture revised ASRM staging (I to IV) and typology of disease (superficial [SE], ovarian endometrioma [OE], and deep infiltrating endometriosis [DIE]). Linear mixed models, taking into account within-clinical-center correlation were used to generate least square means (95% confidence intervals) to assess differences in adiposity measures by endometriosis stage (no endometriosis, I-IV) and typology (no endometriosis, SE, DIE, OE, OE + DIE) adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and parity. While the majority of confidence intervals were wide and overlapping, three general impressions emerged: 1) women with versus without incident endometriosis had the lowest anthropometric/body composition indicators; 2) women with stage I or IV had lower indicators compared to women with stage II or III; and 3) women with OE and/or DIE tended to have the lowest indicators, while women with SE had the highest indicators. CONCLUSION:Our research highlights that the relationship between women's adiposity and endometriosis severity and typology may be more complicated than prior research indicates.