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National Response to COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea and Lessons Learned for Other Countries.
大韩民国新型冠状病毒肺炎的国家对策和其他国家的经验教训。
- 影响因子:1.9800
- DOI:10.1080/23288604.2020.1753464
- 作者列表:"Oh J","Lee JK","Schwarz D","Ratcliffe HL","Markuns JF","Hirschhorn LR
- 发表时间:2020-01-01
Abstract
:In the first two months of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) had the second highest number of cases globally yet was able to dramatically lower the incidence of new cases and sustain a low mortality rate, making it a promising example of strong national response. We describe the main strategies undertaken and selected facilitators and challenges in order to identify transferable lessons for other countries working to control the spread and impact of COVID-19. Identified strategies included early recognition of the threat and rapid activation of national response protocols led by national leadership; rapid establishment of diagnostic capacity; scale-up of measures for preventing community transmission; and redesigning the triage and treatment systems, mobilizing the necessary resources for clinical care. Facilitators included existing hospital capacity, the epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak, and strong national leadership despite political changes and population sensitization due to the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic. Challenges included sustaining adequate human resources and supplies in high-caseload areas. Key recommendations include (1) recognize the problem, (2) establish diagnostic capacity, (3) implement aggressive measures to prevent community transmission, (4) redesign and reallocate clinical resources for the new environment, and (5) work to limit economic impact through and while prioritizing controlling the spread and impact of COVID-19. South Korea's strategies to prevent, detect, and respond to the pandemic represent applicable knowledge that can be adopted by other countries and the global community facing the enormous COVID-19 challenges ahead.
摘要
· 在新型冠状病毒肺炎大流行的头两个月,大韩民国 (韩国) 在全球病例数位居第二,但却能够大幅降低新病例的发生率,并保持较低的死亡率,使其成为强有力的国家应对措施的良好范例。我们描述了采取的主要策略和选择的促进者和挑战,以便为其他致力于控制新型冠状病毒肺炎传播和影响的国家确定可转移的经验教训。确定的战略包括尽早认识到威胁,并迅速启动由国家领导人领导的国家应对协议; 快速建立诊断能力; 扩大预防社区传播的措施; 重新设计分诊和治疗系统,调动临床护理所需的资源。促进因素包括现有的医院能力、新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情流行病学学,以及尽管 2015 中东呼吸综合征相关冠状病毒 (MERS-CoV) 流行导致政治变化和人口敏感,但强有力的国家领导。挑战包括在高案件数量地区维持充足的人力资源和用品。关键建议包括 (1) 认识问题,(2) 建立诊断能力,(3) 实施积极的措施,防止社区传播,(4) 重新设计和重新分配新环境的临床资源,以及 (5)努力限制经济影响,同时优先控制新型冠状病毒肺炎的传播和影响。韩国预防、发现和应对这一流行病的战略代表了其他国家和国际社会可以采用的适用知识,这些知识面临着巨大的新型冠状病毒肺炎挑战。
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METHODS::Since mid-December of 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has been spreading from Wuhan, China. The confirmed COVID-19 patients in South Korea are those who came from or visited China. As secondary transmissions have occurred and the speed of transmission is accelerating, there are rising concerns about community infections. The 54-year old male is the third patient diagnosed with COVID-19 infection in Korea. He is a worker for a clothing business and had mild respiratory symptoms and intermittent fever in the beginning of hospitalization, and pneumonia symptoms on chest computerized tomography scan on day 6 of admission. This patient caused one case of secondary transmission and three cases of tertiary transmission. Hereby, we report the clinical findings of the index patient who was the first to cause tertiary transmission outside China. Interestingly, after lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra, AbbVie) was administered, β-coronavirus viral loads significantly decreased and no or little coronavirus titers were observed.
METHODS::In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused an outbreak in Wuhan, China, and soon spread to other parts of the world. It was believed that 2019-nCoV was transmitted through respiratory tract and then induced pneumonia, thus molecular diagnosis based on oral swabs was used for confirmation of this disease. Likewise, patient will be released upon two times of negative detection from oral swabs. However, many coronaviruses can also be transmitted through oral-fecal route by infecting intestines. Whether 2019-nCoV infected patients also carry virus in other organs like intestine need to be tested. We conducted investigation on patients in a local hospital who were infected with this virus. We found the presence of 2019-nCoV in anal swabs and blood as well, and more anal swab positives than oral swab positives in a later stage of infection, suggesting shedding and thereby transmitted through oral-fecal route. We also showed serology test can improve detection positive rate thus should be used in future epidemiology. Our report provides a cautionary warning that 2019-nCoV may be shed through multiple routes.
METHODS::There is a current worldwide outbreak of a new type of coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which originated from Wuhan in China and has now spread to 17 other countries. Governments are under increased pressure to stop the outbreak spiraling into a global health emergency. At this stage, preparedness, transparency, and sharing of information are crucial to risk assessments and beginning outbreak control activities. This information should include reports from outbreak sites and from laboratories supporting the investigation. This paper aggregates and consolidates the virology, epidemiology, clinical management strategies from both English and Chinese literature, official news channels, and other official government documents. In addition, by fitting the number of infections with a single-term exponential model, we report that the infection is spreading at an exponential rate, with a doubling period of 1.8 days.
呼吸道感染分为上呼吸道感染与下呼吸道感染。上呼吸道感染是指自鼻腔至喉部之间的急性炎症的总称,是最常见的感染性疾病。下呼吸道感染是最常见的感染性疾患,治疗时必须明确引起感染的病原体以选择有效的抗生素。