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Exome sequencing of 22 genes using tissue from patients with biliary tract cancer.
利用胆道癌患者的组织对 22 个基因进行外显子组测序。
- 影响因子:1.98
- DOI:10.1111/apm.13003
- 作者列表:"Høgdall D","Larsen OF","Linnemann D","Svenstrup Poulsen T","Høgdall EV
- 发表时间:2020-01-01
Abstract
:Biliary tract cancers (BTC) are a rare heterogeneous disease group with a dismal prognosis and limited treatment options. The mutational landscape consists of genetic aberrations both shared by and characteristic for anatomical location. Here, we present exome sequencing data on 22 genes from a phase 2 trial using a clinically validated panel used in patients with colorectal cancer. A total of 56 patients were included in a one-armed phase 2 trial investigating the treatment combination of capecitabine, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and cetuximab. Tissue DNA yield and quality allowed analysis of 30 patients on our panel including 22 genes. ARID1A (33%) and TP53 (33%) were found to be most frequently mutated followed by KRAS mutations found in 20% of the patients. Mutational aberrations in ARID1A were found more prevalent than expected, whereas TP53 and KRAS were in concordance with earlier reported data. Mutation in CTNNB1 was significantly associated with poor prognosis. Our panel is clinically validated and suitable for a high volume of samples to detect mutations in patients with BTC. However, it is reasonable to assume that the clinical utility could be optimized in this patient group by extending the panel to include BTC specific mutations with potential therapeutic consequences such as IDH1/2, FGFR fusions, ERBB3, and BRCA1/2.
摘要
: 胆道癌 (BTC) 是一种罕见的异质性疾病组,预后不佳,治疗选择有限。突变景观由解剖位置的共同特征和特征的遗传畸变组成。在这里,我们展示了来自 2 期试验的 22 个基因的外显子组测序数据,使用临床验证的 panel 用于结直肠癌患者。一项研究卡培他滨、吉西他滨、奥沙利铂和西妥昔单抗联合治疗的单臂 2 期试验共纳入 56 例患者。组织 DNA 产量和质量允许分析我们小组中的 30 例患者,包括 22 个基因。发现 ARID1A (33%) 和 TP53 (33%) 最常突变,其次是在 20% 的患者中发现 KRAS 突变。发现 ARID1A 的突变畸变比预期的更普遍,而 TP53 和 KRAS 与早期报道的数据一致。CTNNB1 突变与不良预后显著相关。我们的小组经过临床验证,适用于大批量样本检测 BTC 患者的突变。然而,可以合理地假设临床效用可以通过扩展 panel 来优化该患者组,以包括具有潜在治疗后果的 BTC 特异性突变,如 IDH1/2,FGFR 融合, ERBB3 和 BRCA1/2。
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METHODS:BACKGROUND & AIMS:Lifetime risk of biliary tract cancer (BTC) in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) exceeds 20% and BTC is currently the leading cause of death in PSC patients. To open new avenues for management, we aimed to delineate novel and clinically relevant genomic and pathological features of a large panel of PSC-associated BTC (PSC-BTC). APPROACH & RESULTS:We analysed formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tumor tissue from 186 PSC-BTC patients from 11 centers in eight countries with all anatomical locations included. We performed tumor DNA sequencing at 42 clinically relevant genetic loci to detect mutations, translocations and copy number variations, along with histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterization. Irrespective of the anatomical localization, PSC-BTC exhibited a uniform molecular and histological characteristic similar to extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. We detected a high frequency of genomic alterations typical of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, e.g. TP53 (35.5%), KRAS (28.0%), CDKN2A (14.5%), and SMAD4 (11.3%), as well as potentially druggable mutations (e.g. HER2/ERBB2). We found a high frequency of non-typical/non-ductal histomorphological subtypes (55.2%) and of the usually rare BTC precursor lesion, intraductal papillary neoplasia (18.3%) CONCLUSION: Genomic alterations in PSC-BTC include a significant number of putative actionable therapeutic targets. Notably, PSC-BTC show a distinct extrahepatic morpho-molecular phenotype, independent of the anatomical location of the tumor. These findings advance our understanding of PSC-associated cholangiocarcinogenesis and provide strong incentives for clinical trials to test genome-based personalized treatment strategies in PSC-BTC.
METHODS:BACKGROUND:The impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity on long-term outcomes after liver transplantation (LT) for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is unknown. We examined the impact of post-LT IBD activity on clinically significant outcomes. METHODS:One hundred twelve patients undergoing LT for PSC from 2 centers were studied for a median of 7 years. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to their IBD activity after LT: no IBD, mild IBD, and moderate to severe IBD. Patients were classified as having moderate to severe IBD if they met at least 1 of 3 criteria: (i) Mayo 2 or 3 colitis or Simple Endoscopic Score-Crohn's Disease ≥7 on endoscopy; (ii) acute flare of IBD necessitating steroid rescue therapy; or (iii) post-LT colectomy for medically refractory IBD. RESULTS:Moderate to severe IBD at any time post-transplant was associated with a higher risk of Clostridium difficile infection (27% vs 8% mild IBD vs 8% no IBD; P = 0.02), colorectal cancer/high-grade dysplasia (21% vs 3% both groups; P = 0.004), post-LT colectomy (33% vs 3% vs 0%) and rPSC (64% vs 18% vs 20%; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that moderate to severe IBD increased the risk of both rPSC (relative risk [RR], 8.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.81-27.59; P < 0.001) and colorectal cancer/high-grade dysplasia (RR, 10.45; 95% CI, 3.55-22.74; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Moderate to severe IBD at any time post-LT is associated with a higher risk of rPSC and colorectal neoplasia compared with mild IBD and no IBD. Patients with no IBD and mild IBD have similar post-LT outcomes. Future prospective studies are needed to determine if more intensive treatment of moderate to severe IBD improves long-term outcomes in patients undergoing LT for PSC.
METHODS::T cells from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) show a prominent IL-17 response upon stimulation with bacteria or fungi, yet the reasons for this dominant TH17 response in PSC are not clear. Here, we analyzed the potential role of monocytes in microbial recognition and in skewing the T cell response towards Th17. Monocytes and T cells from blood and livers of PSC patients and controls were analyzed ex vivo and in vitro using trans-well experiments with cholangiocytes. Cytokine production was measured using flow cytometry, ELISA, RNA in situ hybridization and quantitative real time PCR. Genetic polymorphisms were obtained from Immunochip analysis. Following ex vivo stimulation with PMA/Ionomycin, PSC patients showed significantly increased numbers of IL-17A-producing peripheral blood CD4+ T cells compared to PBC patients and healthy controls, indicating increased Th17 differentiation in vivo. Upon stimulation with microbes, monocytes from PSC patients produced significantly more IL-1β and IL-6, cytokines known to drive Th17 cell differentiation. Moreover, microbe-activated monocytes induced the secretion of Th17 and monocyte-recruiting chemokines CCL-20 and CCL-2 in human primary cholangiocytes. In livers of patients with PSC cirrhosis, CD14hi CD16int and CD14lo CD16hi monocytes/macrophages were increased compared to alcoholic cirrhosis and monocytes were found to be located around bile ducts. Conclusion: PSC patients show increased Th17 differentiation already in vivo. Microbe-stimulated monocytes drive Th17 differentiation in vitro and induce cholangiocytes to produce chemokines mediating recruitment of Th17 cells and more monocytes into portal tracts. Taken together, these results point to a pathogenic role of monocytes in patients with PSC.