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A Methodology for Visualising Growth and Development of the Human Temporal Bone.
一种用于可视化人体颞骨的生长和发育的方法。
- 影响因子:0
- DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-43961-3_8
- 作者列表:"Šulek N","Poyade M","Ferguson E
- 发表时间:2020-01-01
Abstract
:This chapter presents a methodological framework which could be used to produce accurate anatomical 3D models and animations of the developing skull, with a focus on the temporal bone. Initial modelling is based on information from core texts and visual references, before optimising these models for use in interactive real-time applications. A series of 3D modelling and animation workflows typically used in computer games and animation industry were tested and compared. Workflows most suitable for the production of a 3D visualisation of the developing temporal bone were documented in detail and used to produce the final 3D models. 3D models of the developing temporal bone were then implemented in an interactive mobile application, which allowed users to explore the 3D models on their Android mobile device and use augmented reality to enhance real-world information. Results of tests conducted in this research suggest that 3D modelling workflows which mimic the processes occurring during development of the temporal bone are most suitable for producing realistic 3D models. Animation workflows tested in this research have all shown potential to produce morphing animations of the developing temporal bone. The significant time required to create deformation setups and animations themselves however suggests that using scripting to automate these workflows would increase their usability in projects with a limited timeframe.
摘要
: 本章介绍了一个方法框架,可用于制作精确的解剖3D模型和发育颅骨的动画,重点是颞骨。在优化这些模型以用于交互式实时应用之前,初始建模基于来自核心文本和视觉参考的信息。测试和比较了计算机游戏和动画行业中典型使用的一系列3D建模和动画工作流。最适合产生发育中的颞骨的3D可视化的工作流程被详细记录并用于产生最终的3D模型。然后在交互式移动应用程序中实现了正在发育的颞骨的3D模型,这允许用户在他们的Android移动设备上探索3D模型,并使用增强现实来增强真实世界的信息。在本研究中进行的测试结果表明,模拟在颞骨发育期间发生的过程的3D建模工作流最适合用于产生逼真的3D模型。在这项研究中测试的动画工作流都显示出产生发育中的颞骨的变形动画的潜力。然而,创建变形设置和动画本身所需的大量时间表明,使用脚本来自动化这些工作流将增加它们在有限时间范围内的项目中的可用性。
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METHODS:OBJECTIVES:The aim was to evaluate the image quality and sensitivity to artifacts of compressed sensing (CS) acceleration technique, applied to 3D or breath-hold sequences in different clinical applications from brain to knee. METHODS:CS with an acceleration from 30 to 60% and conventional MRI sequences were performed in 10 different applications in 107 patients, leading to 120 comparisons. Readers were blinded to the technique for quantitative (contrast-to-noise ratio or functional measurements for cardiac cine) and qualitative (image quality, artifacts, diagnostic findings, and preference) image analyses. RESULTS:No statistically significant difference in image quality or artifacts was found for each sequence except for the cardiac cine CS for one of both readers and for the wrist 3D proton density (PD)-weighted CS sequence which showed less motion artifacts due to the reduced acquisition time. The contrast-to-noise ratio was lower for the elbow CS sequence but not statistically different in all other applications. Diagnostic findings were similar between conventional and CS sequence for all the comparisons except for four cases where motion artifacts corrupted either the conventional or the CS sequence. CONCLUSIONS:The evaluated CS sequences are ready to be used in clinical daily practice except for the elbow application which requires a lower acceleration. The CS factor should be tuned for each organ and sequence to obtain good image quality. It leads to 30% to 60% acceleration in the applications evaluated in this study which has a significant impact on clinical workflow. KEY POINTS:• Clinical implementation of compressed sensing (CS) reduced scan times of at least 30% with only minor penalty in image quality and no change in diagnostic findings. • The CS acceleration factor has to be tuned separately for each organ and sequence to guarantee similar image quality than conventional acquisition. • At least 30% and up to 60% acceleration is feasible in specific sequences in clinical routine.
METHODS:BACKGROUND:The main surgical techniques for spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage include stereotactic aspiration, endoscopic aspiration, and craniotomy. However, credible evidence is still needed to validate the effect of these techniques. OBJECTIVE:To explore the long-term outcomes of the three surgical techniques in the treatment of spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage. METHODS:Five hundred and sixteen patients with spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage who received stereotactic aspiration, endoscopic aspiration, or craniotomy were reviewed retrospectively. Six-month mortality and the modified Rankin Scale score were the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the effects of different surgical techniques on patient outcomes. RESULTS:For the entire cohort, the 6-month mortality in the endoscopic aspiration group was significantly lower than that in the stereotactic aspiration group (odds ratio (OR) 4.280, 95% CI 2.186 to 8.380); the 6-month mortality in the endoscopic aspiration group was lower than that in the craniotomy group, but the difference was not significant (OR=1.930, 95% CI 0.835 to 4.465). A further subgroup analysis was stratified by hematoma volume. The mortality in the endoscopic aspiration group was significantly lower than in the stereotactic aspiration group in the medium (≥40-<80 mL) (OR=2.438, 95% CI 1.101 to 5.402) and large hematoma subgroup (≥80 mL) (OR=66.532, 95% CI 6.345 to 697.675). Compared with the endoscopic aspiration group, a trend towards increased mortality was observed in the large hematoma subgroup of the craniotomy group (OR=8.721, 95% CI 0.933 to 81.551). CONCLUSION:Endoscopic aspiration can decrease the 6-month mortality of spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage, especially in patients with a hematoma volume ≥40 mL.
METHODS:OBJECTIVE:The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a three-dimensional (3D) software tool (smart planes) for displaying fetal brain planes, and the secondary purpose was to evaluate its accuracy in performing automatic measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS:This prospective study included singleton fetuses with a gestational age (GA) greater than 18 weeks. Transabdominal two-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS) and 3D smart planes images were respectively used to obtain the basic planes of the fetal brain, with five parameters measured. The images, by either two-dimensional (2D) manual or 3D automatic operation, were reviewed by two experienced sonographers. The agreements between two measurements were analyzed. RESULTS:A total of 226 cases were included. The rates of successful detection by automatic display were as high as 80%. There was substantial agreement between the measurements of the biparietal diameter, head circumference and transcerebellar diameter, but poor agreement between the measurements of cisterna magna and lateral ventricle width. CONCLUSIONS:Smart Planes might be valuable for the rapid evaluation of fetal brain, because it simplifies the evaluation process. However, the technology requires improvement. In addition, this technology cannot replace the conventional manual US scans; it can only be used as an additional approach.
用电子、摄影或其他方法产生三维图像的过程。