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N2-stage IIIA非小细胞肺癌多模式治疗的外科挑战。
:Locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, especially mediastinal lymph node metastasis-positive stage IIIA-N2 cancer, is a heterogeneous disease state characterized by anatomically locally advanced disease with latent micrometastases. Thus, surgical resection or radiotherapy alone has historically failed to cure this disease. During the last three decades, persistent efforts have been made to develop a suitable treatment modality to overcome these problems using chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with surgical resection. However, the role of surgical resection remains unclear, and the standard treatment for stage IIIA-N2 disease is concurrent chemoradiotherapy. In general, adjuvant chemotherapy is indicated for completely resected pathological stage IB disease or lymph node metastasis-positive pathological stage II or IIIA disease. Platinum-based doublet cytotoxic chemotherapy is currently the standard regimen. Additionally, post-operative radiotherapy might be indicated for post-operatively proven mediastinal lymph node metastasis; i.e. clinical N0-1 and pathological N2 disease. With the remarkable progression that has recently been made in the field of chemotherapy, such as advances in molecular targeting agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, the basic policy of chemotherapy has been shifting to personalized treatment based on the individual patient's oncogene driver mutation status, immune status and other parameters. The same trend is being seen in the treatment of stage IIIA-N2 disease. We should consider the past and upcoming results of several clinical trials to optimize the coming era of personalized treatment.
: 局部晚期非小细胞肺癌,尤其是纵隔淋巴结转移阳性的IIIA-N2期癌,是一种异质性的疾病状态,其特征是解剖学上的局部晚期疾病,具有潜在的微转移。因此,单独的手术切除或放射治疗在历史上未能治愈这种疾病。在过去的三十年中,已经进行了持续的努力来开发合适的治疗模式,以通过手术切除使用化学疗法和/或放射疗法来克服这些问题。然而,手术切除的作用仍不清楚,IIIA-N2期疾病的标准治疗是同步放化疗。通常,辅助化疗适用于完全切除的病理IB期疾病或淋巴结转移阳性的病理II期或IIIA期疾病。基于铂的双重细胞毒性化疗是目前的标准方案。此外,术后放疗可能适用于术后证实的纵隔淋巴结转移;临床N0-1和病理N2病。随着近期化疗领域取得的显著进展,如分子靶向药物和免疫检查点抑制剂的进展,化疗的基本方针已经转向基于个体患者的癌基因驱动突变状态、免疫状态和其他参数的个性化治疗。在IIIA-N2期疾病的治疗中也看到同样的趋势。我们应该考虑过去和即将到来的几个临床试验的结果,以优化个性化治疗的时代。
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METHODS::The ATP binding-cassette superfamily corresponds the mostly transmembrane transporters family found in humans. These proteins actively transport endogenous and exogenous substrates through biological membranes in body tissues, so they have an important role in the regulation of many physiological functions necessary for human homeostasis, as well as in response regulation to several pharmacological substrates. The development of multidrug resistance has become one of the main troubles in conventional chemotherapy in different illnesses including cancer, being the increased efflux of antineoplastic drugs the main reason for this multidrug resistance, with a key role of the ABC superfamily. Likely, the interindividual variability in the pharmacological response among patients is well known, and may be due to intrinsically factors of the disease, genetic and environmental ones. Thus, the understanding of this variability, especially the genetic variability associated with the efficacy and toxicity of drugs, can provide a safer and more effective pharmacological treatment, so ABC genes are considered as important regulators due to their relationship with the reduction in pharmacological response. In this review, updated information about transporters belonging to this superfamily was collected, the possible role of these transporters in cancer, the role of genetic variability in their genes, as well as some therapeutic tools that have been tried to raise against main transporters associated with chemoresistance in cancer.
METHODS:BACKGROUND:Cholinergic neurotransmission regulates neuroinflammation in Parkinson disease (PD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:The authors conducted a delayed-start study of donepezil for cognitive decline in non-demented PD patients. The study consisted of a 96-week randomized placebo-controlled double-blind phase 1, followed by a 24-week donepezil extension phase 2. The primary outcome measure was a change in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at week 120. RESULTS:A total of 98 patients were randomly allocated to the early-start (donepezil-to-donepezil) and delayed-start (placebo-to-donepezil) groups. Mean (SD) of the baseline MMSE was 27.6 (2.0) and 28.0 (2.1), respectively. MMSE change at week 120 was better in the early-start group than in the delayed-start group, but the difference was not significant. The MMSE declined in apolipoprotein ε4 carriers, but not in non-carriers, and the factor interaction (intervention × ε4 genotype) was highly significant (P < 0.001). Analyzed with the interaction, the difference was significant (group difference 1.95 [0.33 to 3.57], P = 0.018). The MMSE decline slope in phase 1 was significantly better in the early-start group than in the delayed-start group (P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS:Cognitive function deteriorated in ε4 carriers, but not in non-carriers, and early-start donepezil may postpone cognitive decline in the former.
METHODS::Since the discovery of dental pulp stem cells, a lot of teams have expressed an interest in dental pulp regeneration. Many approaches, experimental models and biological explorations have been developed, each including the use of stem cells and scaffolds with the final goal being clinical application in humans. In this review, the authors' objective was to compare the experimental models and strategies used for the development of biomaterials for tissue engineering of dental pulp with stem cells. Electronic queries were conducted on PubMed using the following terms: pulp regeneration, scaffold, stem cells, tissue engineering and biomaterial. The extracted data included the following information: the strategy envisaged, the type of stem cells, the experimental models, the exploration or analysis methods, the cytotoxicity or viability or proliferation cellular tests, the tests of scaffold antibacterial properties and take into account the vascularization of the regenerated dental pulp. From the 71 selected articles, 59% focused on the "cell-transplantation" strategy, 82% used in vitro experimentation, 58% in vivo animal models and only one described an in vivo in situ human clinical study. 87% used dental pulp stem cells. A majority of the studies reported histology (75%) and immunohistochemistry explorations (66%). 73% mentioned the use of cytotoxicity, proliferation or viability tests. 48% took vascularization into account but only 6% studied the antibacterial properties of the scaffolds. This article gives an overview of the methods used to regenerate dental pulp from stem cells and should help researchers create the best development strategies for research in this field.
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