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Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate for Preschool Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
双甲磺酸葡糖胺治疗学龄前注意缺陷/多动障碍儿童。
- 影响因子:1.91
- DOI:10.1089/cap.2019.0117
- 作者列表:"Childress AC","Findling RL","Wu J","Kollins SH","Wang Y","Martin P","Robertson B
- 发表时间:2020-04-01
Abstract
Objectives: Describe the safety and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) and provide data on clinical effects for efficacy-related endpoints and pharmacokinetics in preschool-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: This phase 2, multicenter, open-label, dose-optimization study (ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT02402166) was conducted at seven U.S. sites between April 15, 2015, and June 30, 2016. Children (4-5 years of age) meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision criteria for ADHD and having ADHD Rating Scale-IV Preschool version (ADHD-RS-IV-PS) total scores ≥28 (boys) or ≥24 (girls) were eligible. Open-label LDX (8-week duration) was initiated at 5 mg and titrated to 30 mg until achieving an optimal dose. Assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), vital sign changes, ADHD-RS-IV-PS total score changes, and pharmacokinetic evaluations. Results: Among 24 participants, the most frequently reported TEAE was decreased appetite (8/24; 33%). At week 8/early termination, mean (standard deviation) systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse changes from baseline were -1.1 (7.31) and 1.5 (6.93) mmHg and -0.8 (12.75) bpm, respectively. The mean (95% confidence interval) change from baseline ADHD-RS-IV-PS total score at the final on-treatment assessment was -26.1 (-32.2 to -20.0). Pharmacokinetic parameters of d-amphetamine, a major active metabolite of LDX, were characterized: d-amphetamine exposure increased with LDX dose; mean tmax and t1/2, respectively, ranged from 4.00 to 4.23 hours and 7.18 to 8.46 hours. Conclusions: In preschool-aged children with ADHD, LDX was generally well tolerated and reduced ADHD symptoms, consistent with observations in children 6-17 years of age. Based on these findings, a starting LDX dose as low as 5 mg in phase 3 studies in preschool-aged children is supported.
摘要
目标: 描述双甲磺酸利沙右美沙芬 (LDX) 的安全性和耐受性,并提供学龄前注意缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 儿童疗效相关终点和药代动力学的临床效果数据。 方法: 这项 2 期、多中心、开放标签、剂量优化研究 (ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT02402166) 于 2015年4月15日至 2016年6月30日在美国 7 个研究中心进行。儿童 (4-5 岁) 会议精神障碍诊断与统计手册第四版,ADHD 的文本修订标准和有 ADHD 评定量表-IV 学前班版 (ADHD-RS-IV-PS) 总分 ≥ 28 (男孩) 或 ≥ 24 (女孩) 合格。开放标签 LDX (8 周持续时间) 以 5 mg 开始,滴定至 30 mg,直至达到最佳剂量。评估包括治疗中出现的不良事件 (teae) 、生命体征变化、 ADHD-RS-IV-PS 总分变化和药代动力学评价。 结果: 在 24 名参与者中,最常报告的 TEAE 是食欲下降 (8/24; 33%)。在 8 周/提前终止时,平均 (标准差) 收缩压和舒张压以及脉搏较基线变化分别为-1.1 (7.31) 和 1.5 (6.93) mmHg 和-0.8 (12.75) 分别为 bpm。最终治疗后评估时与基线 ADHD-RS-IV-PS 总分的平均 (95% 置信区间) 变化为-26.1 (-32.2 至-20.0)。对 LDX 的主要活性代谢物 d-苯丙胺的药代动力学参数进行了表征: d-苯丙胺暴露随 LDX 剂量增加; 分别为平均 tmax 和 t1/2,范围从 4.00 到 4.23 小时和 7.18 到 8.46 小时。 结论: 在学龄前 ADHD 儿童中,LDX 通常耐受性良好,ADHD 症状减轻,与 6-17 岁儿童的观察结果一致。基于这些发现,支持学龄前儿童 3 期研究中低至 5 mg 的起始 LDX 剂量。
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METHODS:Abstract Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychosocially impairing and cost-intensive mental disorder, with first symptoms occurring in early childhood. It can usually be diagnosed reliably at preschool age. Early detection of children with ADHD symptoms and an early, age-appropriate treatment are needed in order to reduce symptoms, prevent secondary problems and enable a better school start. Despite existing ADHD treatment research and guideline recommendations for the treatment of ADHD in preschool children, there is still a need to optimise individualised treatment strategies in order to improve outcomes. Therefore, the ESCApreschool study (Evidence-Based, Stepped Care of ADHD in Preschool Children aged 3 years and 0 months to 6 years and 11 months of age (3;0 to 6;11 years) addresses the treatment of 3–6-year-old preschool children with elevated ADHD symptoms within a large multicentre trial. The study aims to investigate the efficacy of an individualised stepwise-intensifying treatment programme. Methods The target sample size of ESCApreschool is 200 children (boys and girls) aged 3;0 to 6;11 years with an ADHD diagnosis according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) or a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) plus additional substantial ADHD symptoms. The first step of the adaptive, stepped care design used in ESCApreschool consists of a telephone-assisted self-help (TASH) intervention for parents. Participants are randomised to either the TASH group or a waiting control group. The treatment in step 2 depends on the outcome of step 1: TASH responders without significant residual ADHD/ODD symptoms receive booster sessions of TASH. Partial or non-responders of step 1 are randomised again to either parent management and preschool teacher training or treatment as usual. Discussion The ESCApreschool trial aims to improve knowledge about individualised treatment strategies for preschool children with ADHD following an adaptive stepped care approach, and to provide a scientific basis for individualised medicine for preschool children with ADHD in routine clinical care. Trial registration The trial was registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) as a Current Controlled Trial under DRKS00008971 on 1 October 2015. This manuscript is based on protocol version 3 (14 October 2016).
METHODS:Prefrontal volume reductions commonly are demonstrated in ADHD, but the literature examining prefrontal volume in reading disorders (RD) is scant despite their also having executive functioning (EF) deficits. Furthermore, only a few anatomical studies have examined the frontal lobes in comorbid RD/ADHD, though they have EF deficits similar to RD and ADHD. Hence, we examined frontal gyri volume in children with RD, ADHD, RD/ADHD and controls, as well as their relationship to EF for gyri found to differ between groups. We found right inferior frontal (RIF) volume was smaller in ADHD, and smaller volume was related to worse behavioral regulation. Left superior frontal (LSF) volume was larger in RD than ADHD, and its size was negatively related to basic reading ability. Left middle frontal (LMF) volume was largest in RD/ADHD overall. Further, its volume was not related to basic reading nor behavioral regulation but was related to worse attentional control, suggesting some specificity in its EF relationship. When examining hypotheses on the etiology of RD/ADHD, RD/ADHD was commensurate with ADHD in RIF volume and both RD and ADHD in LSF volume (being midway between the groups), consistent with the common etiology hypothesis. Nevertheless, they also had an additional gyrus affected: LMF, consistent with the cognitive subtype hypothesis in its specificity to RD/ADHD. The few other frontal aMRI studies on RD/ADHD supported both hypotheses as well. Given this, future research should continue to focus on frontal morphology in its endeavors to find neurobiological contributors to the comorbidity between RD and ADHD.
METHODS:BACKGROUND:Mechanistic endophenotypes can inform process models of psychopathology and aid interpretation of genetic risk factors. Smaller total brain and subcortical volumes are associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and provide clues to its development. This study evaluates whether common genetic risk for ADHD is associated with total brain volume (TBV) and hypothesized subcortical structures in children. METHODS:Children 7-15 years old were recruited for a case-control study (N = 312, N = 199 ADHD). Children were assessed with a multi-informant, best-estimate diagnostic procedure and motion-corrected MRI measured brain volumes. Polygenic scores were computed based on discovery data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (N = 19 099 ADHD, N = 34 194 controls) and the ENIGMA + CHARGE consortium (N = 26 577). RESULTS:ADHD was associated with smaller TBV, and altered volumes of caudate, cerebellum, putamen, and thalamus after adjustment for TBV; however, effects were larger and statistically reliable only in boys. TBV was associated with an ADHD polygenic score [β = -0.147 (-0.27 to -0.03)], and mediated a small proportion of the effect of polygenic risk on ADHD diagnosis (average ACME = 0.0087, p = 0.012). This finding was stronger in boys (average ACME = 0.019, p = 0.008). In addition, we confirm genetic variation associated with whole brain volume, via an intracranial volume polygenic score. CONCLUSION:Common genetic risk for ADHD is not expressed primarily as developmental alterations in subcortical brain volumes, but appears to alter brain development in other ways, as evidenced by TBV differences. This is among the first demonstrations of this effect using molecular genetic data. Potential sex differences in these effects warrant further examination.