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Diverse Anti-Tumor Immune Potential Driven by Individual IFNα Subtypes
单个 ifn α 亚型驱动的多样化抗肿瘤免疫潜能
- 影响因子:4.7160
- DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00542
- 作者列表:"Anthony C. Buzzai","Teagan Wagner","Katherine M. Audsley","Hannah V. Newnes","Lucy W. Barrett","Samantha Barnes","Ben C. Wylie","Shane Stone","Alison McDonnell","Alison McDonnell","Vanessa S. Fear","Bree Foley","Jason Waithman
- 发表时间:2020-04-03
Abstract
Immunotherapies harnessing T cell immunity have shown remarkable clinical success for the management of cancer. However, only a proportion of patients benefit from these treatments. The presence of type I interferon (IFN) within the tumor microenvironment is critical for driving effective tumor-specific T cell immunity. Individuals can produce 12 distinct subtypes of IFNα, which all signal through a common receptor. Despite reported differences in anti-viral potencies, the concept that distinct IFNα subtypes can improve anti-cancer treatments remains unclear. We tested whether expression of unique IFNα subtypes confined to the tumor microenvironment enhances tumor control. This was systematically evaluated by transplantation of B16 murine melanoma cells secreting five unique IFNα subtypes (B16_IFNα2; B16_IFNα4; B16_IFNα5; B16_IFNα6; B16_IFNα9) into a pre-clinical murine model. We show that IFNα2 and IFNα9 are the only subtypes capable of completely controlling tumor outgrowth, with this protection dependent on the presence of an adaptive immune response. We next determined whether these differences extended to other model systems and found that the adoptive transfer of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells engineered to secrete IFNα9 delays tumor growth significantly and improves survival, whereas no enhanced survival was observed using T cells secreting IFNα4. Overall, our data shows that the expression of distinct IFNα subtypes within the tumor microenvironment results in different anti-tumor activities, and differentially affects the efficacy of a cancer therapy targeting established disease.
摘要
利用 T 细胞免疫的免疫疗法在治疗癌症方面显示出显著的临床成功。然而,只有一部分患者从这些治疗中获益。肿瘤微环境中 I 型干扰素 (IFN) 的存在对于驱动有效的肿瘤特异性 T 细胞免疫至关重要。个体可以产生 12 种不同亚型的 ifn α,它们都通过一个共同的受体发出信号。尽管报道的抗病毒效力存在差异,但不同的 ifn α 亚型可以改善抗癌治疗的概念仍不清楚。我们检测了局限于肿瘤微环境的独特 ifn α 亚型的表达是否增强了肿瘤控制。通过将分泌 5 种独特 ifn α 亚型 (b16_ifn α 2; B16_ifn α 4; B16_ifn α 5; B16_ifn α 6; B16_ifn α 9) 的 B16 鼠黑色素瘤细胞移植到临床前鼠模型中进行系统评价。我们发现 ifn α 2 和 ifn α 9 是唯一能够完全控制肿瘤生长的亚型,这种保护作用依赖于适应性免疫反应的存在。我们接下来确定这些差异是否扩展到其他模型系统,并发现工程分泌 ifn α 9 的肿瘤特异性 CD8 + T 细胞的过继转移显著延缓肿瘤生长并提高生存率,而使用分泌 ifn α 4 的 T 细胞未观察到生存率增强。总体而言,我们的数据显示,肿瘤微环境内不同 ifn α 亚型的表达导致不同的抗肿瘤活性,并差异影响靶向已确定疾病的癌症治疗的疗效。
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METHODS::Macrophages (MΦ) play a critical role in tumor growth, immunosuppression and inhibition of adaptive immune responses in cancer. Hence, targeting signaling pathways in MΦs that promote tumor immunosuppression will provide therapeutic benefit. PI3Kγ has been recently established by our group and others as a novel immuno-oncology target. Herein, we report that a macrophage Syk-PI3K axis drives polarization of immunosuppressive MΦs which establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in in vivo syngeneic tumor models. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Syk and/or PI3Kγ in MΦs promotes a pro-inflammatory MΦphenotype, restores CD8+ T cell activity, destabilizes HIF under hypoxia, and stimulates an antitumor immune response. Assay for Transposase-accessible Chromatin using Sequencing (ATAC-seq) analyses on the bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) show that inhibition of Syk kinase promotes activation and binding of NF-κB motif in SykMC-KO BMDMs, thus stimulating immunostimulatory transcriptional programming in MΦs to suppress tumor growth. Finally, we have developed in silico the "first in class" dual Syk/PI3K inhibitor, SRX3207, for the combinatorial inhibition of Syk and PI3K in one small molecule. This chemotype demonstrates efficacy in multiple tumor models and represents a novel combinatorial approach to activate antitumor immunity.
METHODS::Dysfunction of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in tumor microenvironment hinders their anti-tumor efficacy, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that iNKT cells increase lipid biosynthesis after activation, and that is promoted by PPARγ and PLZF synergically through enhancing transcription of Srebf1. Among those lipids, cholesterol is required for the optimal IFN-γ production from iNKT cells. Lactic acid in tumor microenvironment reduces expression of PPARγ in intratumoral iNKT cells and consequently diminishes their cholesterol synthesis and IFN-γ production. Importantly, PPARγ agonist pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione drug for type 2 diabetes, successfully restores IFN-γ production in tumor-infiltrating iNKT cells from both human patients and mouse models. Combination of pioglitazone and alpha-galactosylceramide treatments significantly enhances iNKT cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses and prolongs survival of tumor-bearing mice. Our studies provide a strategy to augment the anti-tumor efficacy of iNKT cell-based immunotherapies via promoting their lipid biosynthesis.
METHODS::Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed and selective cancer treatment that induces necrotic and immunogenic cell death and utilizes a monoclonal antibody conjugated to a photo-absorber dye, IR700DX, activated by NIR light. Although CD44 is surface cancer marker associated with drug resistance, anti-CD44-IR700 NIR-PIT results in inhibited cell growth and prolonged survival in multiple tumor types. Meanwhile, anti-CD25-IR700-targeted NIR-PIT has been reported to achieve selective and local depletion of FOXP3+CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are primary immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in activation of local antitumor immunity. Combined NIR-PIT with CD44- and CD25-targeted agents has the potential to directly eliminate tumor cells and also amplify the immune response by removing FOXP3+CD25+CD4+ Tregs from the TME. We investigated the difference in therapeutic effects of CD44-targeted NIR-PIT alone, CD25-targeted NIR-PIT alone, and the combination of CD44- and CD25-targeted NIR-PIT in several syngeneic tumor models, including MC38-luc, LL/2, and MOC1. The combined NIR-PIT showed significant tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival compared with CD44-targeted NIR-PIT alone in all tumor models and showed prolonged survival compared with CD25-targeted NIR-PIT alone in MC38-luc and LL/2 tumors. Combined CD44/CD25 NIR-PIT also resulted in some complete remissions, whereas this was not achieved with either type of NIR-PIT alone. Therefore, combined NIR-PIT simultaneously targeting cancer antigens and immunosuppressive cells in the TME may be more effective than either type of NIR-PIT alone and may have potential to induce prolonged immune responses in treated tumors.