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Anti-VEGF Treatment Enhances CD8+ T-Cell Antitumor Activity by Amplifying Hypoxia.
抗 VEGF 处理通过放大缺氧增强 CD8 + T 细胞抗肿瘤活性。
- 影响因子:8.58
- DOI:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-19-0360
- 作者列表:"de Almeida PE","Mak J","Hernandez G","Jesudason R","Herault A","Javinal V","Borneo J","Kim JM","Walsh KB
- 发表时间:2020-04-01
Abstract
:Anti-angiogenic therapies that target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway have been used clinically to combat cancer for over a decade. Beyond having a direct impact on blood vessel development and tumor perfusion, accumulating evidence indicates that these agents also affect antitumor immune responses. Numerous clinical trials combining anti-angiogenic drugs with immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer are ongoing, but a mechanistic understanding of how disruption of tumor angiogenesis may impact immunity is not fully discerned. Here we reveal that blockade of VEGF-A with a monoclonal antibody to VEGF augments activation of CD8+ T cells within tumors and potentiates their capacity to produce cytokines. We demonstrate that this phenomenon relies on the disruption of VEGFR2 signaling in the tumor microenvironment, but does not affect CD8+ T cells directly. Instead, the augmented functional capacity of CD8+ T cells stems from increased tumor hypoxia that initiates a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) program within CD8+ T cells that directly enhances cytokine production. Lastly, combinatorial administration of anti-VEGF with an immunotherapeutic antibody, anti-OX40, improved antitumor activity over single-agent treatments. Our findings illustrate that anti-VEGF treatment enhances CD8+ T-cell effector function and provides a mechanistic rationale for combining anti-angiogenic and immunotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment.
摘要
: 靶向血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF) 通路的抗血管生成疗法已在临床上用于对抗癌症超过十年。除了对血管发育和肿瘤灌注有直接影响之外,越来越多的证据表明这些药物也影响抗肿瘤免疫反应。许多临床试验将抗血管生成药物与免疫疗法结合用于治疗癌症,但对肿瘤血管生成的破坏如何影响免疫的机制理解尚未完全明确。在这里,我们揭示了用 VEGF 单克隆抗体阻断 VEGF-A 可增强肿瘤内 CD8 + T 细胞的活化,增强其产生细胞因子的能力。我们证明这种现象依赖于肿瘤微环境中 VEGFR2 信号的破坏,但不直接影响 CD8 + T 细胞。相反,CD8 + T 细胞增强的功能能力源于肿瘤缺氧增加,在 CD8 + T 细胞内启动缺氧诱导因子-1 α (hif-1 α) 程序,直接增强细胞因子的产生。最后,抗 VEGF 与免疫治疗性抗体 anti-OX40 的组合给药比单药治疗提高了抗肿瘤活性。我们的研究结果表明,抗 VEGF 治疗增强了 CD8 + T 细胞效应功能,并为联合抗血管生成和免疫治疗药物用于癌症治疗提供了机制理论基础。
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METHODS::Macrophages (MΦ) play a critical role in tumor growth, immunosuppression and inhibition of adaptive immune responses in cancer. Hence, targeting signaling pathways in MΦs that promote tumor immunosuppression will provide therapeutic benefit. PI3Kγ has been recently established by our group and others as a novel immuno-oncology target. Herein, we report that a macrophage Syk-PI3K axis drives polarization of immunosuppressive MΦs which establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in in vivo syngeneic tumor models. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Syk and/or PI3Kγ in MΦs promotes a pro-inflammatory MΦphenotype, restores CD8+ T cell activity, destabilizes HIF under hypoxia, and stimulates an antitumor immune response. Assay for Transposase-accessible Chromatin using Sequencing (ATAC-seq) analyses on the bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) show that inhibition of Syk kinase promotes activation and binding of NF-κB motif in SykMC-KO BMDMs, thus stimulating immunostimulatory transcriptional programming in MΦs to suppress tumor growth. Finally, we have developed in silico the "first in class" dual Syk/PI3K inhibitor, SRX3207, for the combinatorial inhibition of Syk and PI3K in one small molecule. This chemotype demonstrates efficacy in multiple tumor models and represents a novel combinatorial approach to activate antitumor immunity.
METHODS::Dysfunction of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in tumor microenvironment hinders their anti-tumor efficacy, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that iNKT cells increase lipid biosynthesis after activation, and that is promoted by PPARγ and PLZF synergically through enhancing transcription of Srebf1. Among those lipids, cholesterol is required for the optimal IFN-γ production from iNKT cells. Lactic acid in tumor microenvironment reduces expression of PPARγ in intratumoral iNKT cells and consequently diminishes their cholesterol synthesis and IFN-γ production. Importantly, PPARγ agonist pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione drug for type 2 diabetes, successfully restores IFN-γ production in tumor-infiltrating iNKT cells from both human patients and mouse models. Combination of pioglitazone and alpha-galactosylceramide treatments significantly enhances iNKT cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses and prolongs survival of tumor-bearing mice. Our studies provide a strategy to augment the anti-tumor efficacy of iNKT cell-based immunotherapies via promoting their lipid biosynthesis.
METHODS::Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed and selective cancer treatment that induces necrotic and immunogenic cell death and utilizes a monoclonal antibody conjugated to a photo-absorber dye, IR700DX, activated by NIR light. Although CD44 is surface cancer marker associated with drug resistance, anti-CD44-IR700 NIR-PIT results in inhibited cell growth and prolonged survival in multiple tumor types. Meanwhile, anti-CD25-IR700-targeted NIR-PIT has been reported to achieve selective and local depletion of FOXP3+CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are primary immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in activation of local antitumor immunity. Combined NIR-PIT with CD44- and CD25-targeted agents has the potential to directly eliminate tumor cells and also amplify the immune response by removing FOXP3+CD25+CD4+ Tregs from the TME. We investigated the difference in therapeutic effects of CD44-targeted NIR-PIT alone, CD25-targeted NIR-PIT alone, and the combination of CD44- and CD25-targeted NIR-PIT in several syngeneic tumor models, including MC38-luc, LL/2, and MOC1. The combined NIR-PIT showed significant tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival compared with CD44-targeted NIR-PIT alone in all tumor models and showed prolonged survival compared with CD25-targeted NIR-PIT alone in MC38-luc and LL/2 tumors. Combined CD44/CD25 NIR-PIT also resulted in some complete remissions, whereas this was not achieved with either type of NIR-PIT alone. Therefore, combined NIR-PIT simultaneously targeting cancer antigens and immunosuppressive cells in the TME may be more effective than either type of NIR-PIT alone and may have potential to induce prolonged immune responses in treated tumors.