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Increased Energy Intake After Pregnancy Determines Postpartum Weight Retention in Women With Obesity.
怀孕后能量摄入增加决定了肥胖妇女产后体重滞留。
- 影响因子:5.19
- DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgz330
- 作者列表:"Most J","Altazan AD","St Amant M","Beyl RA","Ravussin E","Redman LM
- 发表时间:2020-04-01
Abstract
CONTEXT:This study was designed to understand causes and critical periods for postpartum weight retention by characterizing changes in body composition, energy intake, energy expenditure and physical activity in women with obesity during pregnancy and postpartum. DESIGN:In this prospective, observational cohort study, body composition (plethysmography), energy expenditure (doubly labeled water, whole-body room calorimetry), physical activity (accelerometry), metabolic biomarkers, and eating behaviors were measured. Energy intake was calculated by the intake-balance method for pregnancy, and for 2 postpartum periods (0 to 6 months and 6 to 12 months). RESULTS:During the 18-month observation period, weight loss occurred in 16 (43%) women (mean ± SEM, -4.9 ± 1.6 kg) and weight retention occurred in 21 (57%) women (+8.6 ± 1.4 kg). Comparing women with postpartum weight loss and weight retention, changes in body weight were not different during pregnancy (6.9 ± 1.0 vs 9.5 ± 0.9 kg, P = 0.06). After pregnancy, women with postpartum weight loss lost -3.6 ± 1.8 kg fat mass whereas women with weight retention gained 6.2 ± 1.7 kg fat mass (P < 0.001). Women with postpartum weight loss reduced energy intake during the postpartum period (compared with during pregnancy) by 300 kcal/d (1255 kJ/d), while women with weight retention increased energy intake by 250 kcal/d (1046 kJ/d, P < 0.005). There were no differences in the duration of breastfeeding, eating behavior, or metabolic biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS:Postpartum weight gain was the result of increased energy intake after pregnancy rather than decreased energy expenditure. Dietary intake recommendations are needed for women with obesity during the postpartum period, and women should be educated on the risk of overeating after pregnancy.
摘要
背景: 本研究旨在通过表征妊娠期和产后肥胖妇女身体成分、能量摄入、能量消耗和体力活动的变化,了解产后体重滞留的原因和关键时期。 设计: 在这项前瞻性、观察性队列研究中,身体成分 (体积描记法) 、能量消耗 (双标记水、全身室温量热法) 、体力活动 (加速度测定法) 、代谢生物标志物、测量饮食行为。通过摄入平衡法计算孕期和产后 2 个时期 (0 ~ 6 个月和 6 ~ 12 个月) 的能量摄入。 结果: 在 18 个月的观察期内,16 例 (43%) 女性发生体重减轻 (平均值 ± SEM,-4.9 ± 1.6千克),21 例 (57%) 体重保持女性 (+ 8.6 ± 1.4千克)。比较产后体重减轻和体重滞留的妇女,孕期体重变化无差异 (6.9 ± 1.0 vs 9.5 ± 0.9千克,P = 0.06)。妊娠后,产后体重减轻的妇女脂肪量减少-3.6 ± 1.8千克,而体重保持的妇女脂肪量增加 6.2 ± 1.7千克 (P <0.001)。产后体重减轻的妇女在产后期间 (与孕期相比) 能量摄入减少 300 kcal/d (1255 kJ/d),而体重滞留的女性增加能量摄入 250 kcal/d (1046 kJ/d,P <0.005)。母乳喂养的持续时间、饮食行为或代谢生物标志物没有差异。 结论: 产后体重增加是妊娠后能量摄入增加而不是能量消耗减少的结果。产后肥胖妇女需要饮食摄入建议,并应教育妇女怀孕后暴饮暴食的风险。
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METHODS:BACKGROUND:Given the importance of habitual dietary protein intake, distribution patterns and dietary sources in the aetiology of age-related declines of muscle mass and function, the present study examined these factors as a function of sex and age in Irish adults aged 18-90 years comprising The National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS). METHODS:In total, 1051 (males, n = 523; females, n = 528) undertook a 4-day semi-weighed food diary. Total, body mass relative intake and percentage contribution to total energy intake of dietary protein were determined in addition to protein distribution scores (PDS), as well as the contribution of food groups, animal- and plant-based foods to total protein intake. RESULTS:Total and relative protein intake [mean (SD)] were highest in those aged 18-35 years [96 (3) g day , 1.32 (0.40) g kg day ], with lower protein intakes with increasing age (i.e. in adults aged ≥65 years [82 (22) g, 1.15 (0.34) g kg day , P < 0.001 for both]. Differences in protein intake between age groups were more pronounced in males compared to females. Protein distribution followed a skewed pattern for all age groups [breakfast, 15 (10) g; lunch, 30 (15) g; dinner, 44 (17) g]. Animal-based foods were the dominant protein source within the diet [63% (11%) versus 37% (11%) plant protein, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS:Protein intake and the number of meals reaching the purported threshold for maximising post-prandial anabolism were highest in young adults, and lower with increasing age. For main meals, breakfast provided the lowest quantity of protein across all age categories and may represent an opportunity for improving protein distribution, whereas, in older adults, increasing the number of meals reaching the anabolic threshold regardless of distribution pattern may be more appropriate.
METHODS:BACKGROUND:Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) increases risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events. Periodic CRF assessment can have an important preventive function. OBJECTIVE:To develop a protocol-free method to estimate CRF in daily life based on heart rate (HR) and body acceleration measurements. METHODS:Acceleration and HR data were collected from 37 subjects (M=49%) while performing a standardized laboratory activity protocol (sitting, walking, running, cycling) and during a 5-days free-living monitoring period. CRF was determined by oxygen uptake (VO2max) during maximal exercise testing. A doubly-labeled water validated equation was used to predict total energy expenditure (TEE) from acceleration data. A fitness index was defined as the ratio between TEE and HR (TEE-pulse). Activity recognition techniques were used to process acceleration features and classify sedentary, ambulatory and other activity types. Regression equations based on TEE-pulse data from each activity type were developed to predict VO2max. RESULTS:TEE-pulse measured within each activity type of the laboratory protocol was highly correlated to VO2max (r from 0.74 to 0.91). Averaging the outcome of each activity-type specific equation based on TEE-pulse from the laboratory data led to accurate estimates of VO2max (RMSE: 300.0 mlO2/min or 10%). The difference between laboratory and free-living determined TEE-pulse was 3.7 ± 11% (r =0.85). The prediction method preserved the prediction accuracy when applied to free-living data (RMSE: 367 mlO2/min or 12%). CONCLUSIONS:Measurements of body acceleration and HR can be used to predict VO2max in daily life. Activity-specific prediction equations are needed to achieve highly accurate estimates of CRF.
METHODS:OBJECTIVE:Postprandial dyslipidemia is a common feature of insulin resistant states and contributes to increased cardiovascular disease risk. Recently, bile acids have been recognized beyond their emulsification properties as important signaling molecules that promote energy expenditure, improve insulin sensitivity, and lower fasting lipemia. While bile acid receptors have become novel pharmaceutical targets, their effects on postprandial lipid metabolism remain unclear. Here we investigated the potential role of bile acids in regulation of postprandial chylomicron production and triglyceride excursion. Approach and Results: Healthy C57BL/6 mice were given an intraduodenal infusion of taurocholic acid (TA) under fat-loaded conditions and circulating lipids were measured. Targeting of bile acid receptors was achieved with GW4064, a synthetic agonist to the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and with deoxycholic acid (DCA), an activator of the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5. TA, GW4064, and DCA treatments all lowered postprandial lipemia. FXR agonism also reduced intestinal triglyceride content and activity of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, involved in chylomicron assembly. Importantly, TA effects (but not DCA) were largely lost in FXR knockout mice. These bile acid effects are reminiscent of the anti-diabetic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). While the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 retained its ability to acutely lower postprandial lipemia during bile acid sequestration and FXR deficiency, it did raise hepatic expression of the rate limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. CONCLUSIONS:Bile acid signaling may be an important mechanism of controlling dietary lipid absorption and bile acid receptors may constitute novel targets for the treatment of postprandial dyslipidemia.