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Ketone Bodies Attenuate Wasting in Models of Atrophy.
酮体减弱萎缩模型中的消瘦。
- 影响因子:7.68
- DOI:10.1002/jcsm.12554
- 作者列表:"Koutnik AP","Poff AM","Ward NP","DeBlasi JM","Soliven MA","Romero MA","Roberson PA","Fox CD","Roberts MD","D'Agostino DP
- 发表时间:2020-04-02
Abstract
BACKGROUND:Cancer Anorexia Cachexia Syndrome (CACS) is a distinct atrophy disease negatively influencing multiple aspects of clinical care and patient quality of life. Although it directly causes 20% of all cancer-related deaths, there are currently no model systems that encompass the entire multifaceted syndrome, nor are there any effective therapeutic treatments. METHODS:A novel model of systemic metastasis was evaluated for the comprehensive CACS (metastasis, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue wasting, inflammation, anorexia, anemia, elevated protein breakdown, hypoalbuminemia, and metabolic derangement) in both males and females. Ex vivo skeletal muscle analysis was utilized to determine ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway activation. A novel ketone diester (R/S 1,3-Butanediol Acetoacetate Diester) was assessed in multifaceted catabolic environments to determine anti-atrophy efficacy. RESULTS:Here, we show that the VM-M3 mouse model of systemic metastasis demonstrates a novel, immunocompetent, logistically feasible, repeatable phenotype with progressive tumor growth, spontaneous metastatic spread, and the full multifaceted CACS with sex dimorphisms across tissue wasting. We also demonstrate that the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway was significantly upregulated in association with reduced insulin-like growth factor-1/insulin and increased FOXO3a activation, but not tumor necrosis factor-α-induced nuclear factor-kappa B activation, driving skeletal muscle atrophy. Additionally, we show that R/S 1,3-Butanediol Acetoacetate Diester administration shifted systemic metabolism, attenuated tumor burden indices, reduced atrophy/catabolism and mitigated comorbid symptoms in both CACS and cancer-independent atrophy environments. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggest the ketone diester attenuates multifactorial CACS skeletal muscle atrophy and inflammation-induced catabolism, demonstrating anti-catabolic effects of ketone bodies in multifactorial atrophy.
摘要
背景: 癌症厌食症恶病质综合征 (CACS) 是一种独特的萎缩性疾病,对临床护理和患者生活质量的多个方面产生负面影响。虽然它直接导致了所有癌症相关死亡的 20%,但目前还没有涵盖整个多方面综合征的模型系统,也没有任何有效的治疗方法。 方法: 对全面的 CACS (转移、骨骼肌和脂肪组织消耗、炎症、厌食、贫血、蛋白分解升高、低白蛋白血症和代谢紊乱) 评价一种新的全身转移模型在男性和女性中。利用离体骨骼肌分析确定泛素蛋白酶体降解途径的激活。在多方面的分解代谢环境中评估了一种新型酮二酯 (R/S 1,3-丁二醇乙酰二酯),以确定抗萎缩疗效。 结果: 在这里,我们证明了全身转移的 VM-M3 小鼠模型显示了一种新的,免疫功能,逻辑上可行,可重复的表型,伴随着肿瘤的进行性生长,自发性转移扩散,以及跨组织消瘦的具有性别二形性的全多面 CACS。我们还证明泛素蛋白酶体降解途径显著上调,与胰岛素样生长因子-1/胰岛素减少和 FOXO3a 活化增加有关,而非肿瘤坏死因子-α 诱导的核因子-κ B 激活,驱动骨骼肌萎缩。此外,我们发现 R/S 1,3-丁二醇乙酰乙酸双酯给药改变了全身代谢,减弱了肿瘤负荷指数,CACS 和非癌症依赖性萎缩环境中萎缩/分解代谢减少,共病症状减轻。 结论: 我们的研究结果表明酮二酯减轻了多因素 CACS 骨骼肌萎缩和炎症诱导的分解代谢,证明了酮体在多因素萎缩中的抗分解代谢作用。
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METHODS:BACKGROUND:Given the importance of habitual dietary protein intake, distribution patterns and dietary sources in the aetiology of age-related declines of muscle mass and function, the present study examined these factors as a function of sex and age in Irish adults aged 18-90 years comprising The National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS). METHODS:In total, 1051 (males, n = 523; females, n = 528) undertook a 4-day semi-weighed food diary. Total, body mass relative intake and percentage contribution to total energy intake of dietary protein were determined in addition to protein distribution scores (PDS), as well as the contribution of food groups, animal- and plant-based foods to total protein intake. RESULTS:Total and relative protein intake [mean (SD)] were highest in those aged 18-35 years [96 (3) g day , 1.32 (0.40) g kg day ], with lower protein intakes with increasing age (i.e. in adults aged ≥65 years [82 (22) g, 1.15 (0.34) g kg day , P < 0.001 for both]. Differences in protein intake between age groups were more pronounced in males compared to females. Protein distribution followed a skewed pattern for all age groups [breakfast, 15 (10) g; lunch, 30 (15) g; dinner, 44 (17) g]. Animal-based foods were the dominant protein source within the diet [63% (11%) versus 37% (11%) plant protein, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS:Protein intake and the number of meals reaching the purported threshold for maximising post-prandial anabolism were highest in young adults, and lower with increasing age. For main meals, breakfast provided the lowest quantity of protein across all age categories and may represent an opportunity for improving protein distribution, whereas, in older adults, increasing the number of meals reaching the anabolic threshold regardless of distribution pattern may be more appropriate.
METHODS:BACKGROUND:Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) increases risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events. Periodic CRF assessment can have an important preventive function. OBJECTIVE:To develop a protocol-free method to estimate CRF in daily life based on heart rate (HR) and body acceleration measurements. METHODS:Acceleration and HR data were collected from 37 subjects (M=49%) while performing a standardized laboratory activity protocol (sitting, walking, running, cycling) and during a 5-days free-living monitoring period. CRF was determined by oxygen uptake (VO2max) during maximal exercise testing. A doubly-labeled water validated equation was used to predict total energy expenditure (TEE) from acceleration data. A fitness index was defined as the ratio between TEE and HR (TEE-pulse). Activity recognition techniques were used to process acceleration features and classify sedentary, ambulatory and other activity types. Regression equations based on TEE-pulse data from each activity type were developed to predict VO2max. RESULTS:TEE-pulse measured within each activity type of the laboratory protocol was highly correlated to VO2max (r from 0.74 to 0.91). Averaging the outcome of each activity-type specific equation based on TEE-pulse from the laboratory data led to accurate estimates of VO2max (RMSE: 300.0 mlO2/min or 10%). The difference between laboratory and free-living determined TEE-pulse was 3.7 ± 11% (r =0.85). The prediction method preserved the prediction accuracy when applied to free-living data (RMSE: 367 mlO2/min or 12%). CONCLUSIONS:Measurements of body acceleration and HR can be used to predict VO2max in daily life. Activity-specific prediction equations are needed to achieve highly accurate estimates of CRF.
METHODS:OBJECTIVE:Postprandial dyslipidemia is a common feature of insulin resistant states and contributes to increased cardiovascular disease risk. Recently, bile acids have been recognized beyond their emulsification properties as important signaling molecules that promote energy expenditure, improve insulin sensitivity, and lower fasting lipemia. While bile acid receptors have become novel pharmaceutical targets, their effects on postprandial lipid metabolism remain unclear. Here we investigated the potential role of bile acids in regulation of postprandial chylomicron production and triglyceride excursion. Approach and Results: Healthy C57BL/6 mice were given an intraduodenal infusion of taurocholic acid (TA) under fat-loaded conditions and circulating lipids were measured. Targeting of bile acid receptors was achieved with GW4064, a synthetic agonist to the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and with deoxycholic acid (DCA), an activator of the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5. TA, GW4064, and DCA treatments all lowered postprandial lipemia. FXR agonism also reduced intestinal triglyceride content and activity of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, involved in chylomicron assembly. Importantly, TA effects (but not DCA) were largely lost in FXR knockout mice. These bile acid effects are reminiscent of the anti-diabetic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). While the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 retained its ability to acutely lower postprandial lipemia during bile acid sequestration and FXR deficiency, it did raise hepatic expression of the rate limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis. CONCLUSIONS:Bile acid signaling may be an important mechanism of controlling dietary lipid absorption and bile acid receptors may constitute novel targets for the treatment of postprandial dyslipidemia.